Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: LED array-based multi-angle light scattering for aspirating smoke detection and classification

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11185-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Configuration for smoke detection of ASDI. Smoke detection uses a 1D LED array, single lens, and two photodetectors (PDs). The LEDs are driven by sequentially turning on and off. During this process, LED1 and LED2 are wired in parallel to operate simultaneously; the same applies to LED5 and LED6. PD1 monitors the light intensity of the LEDs, and PD2 measures the scattered and absorbed light signals from smoke. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\theta$$\end{document} denotes the illumination angle.

Article Snippet: LED4, which has a CW of 542 nm, FWHM of 197 nm and VA of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$110^\circ$$\end{document} , is a white LED (Bivar, SME2014UWDN05), and LED5 and LED6 are blue LEDs (SunLED, XZCB25X109FS) with a CW of 450 nm, FWHM of 15 nm and VA of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$120^\circ$$\end{document} .

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of injection and patching strategy in the CLA. ( B ) Transmitted light images taken during patching. Magenta arrows indicate ChrimsonR-tdTomato-expressing neurons while green arrows indicate CTB-labeled neurons. Note that these populations only partially overlap. Scale bar = 50 μm. ( C ) Expression of AAV-FLEX-ChrimsonR-tdTomato and CTB in the CLA along the rostrocaudal axis. Notice the lack of tdTomato + cell bodies in the far rostral and far caudal sections beyond the spread of the virus. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( D ) CLA neurons frequently displayed EPSPs in response to presynaptic CLA neuron photostimulation with 595 nm light (top). CLA neurons not labeled with CTB were found to be proportionally the most likely to respond to presynaptic photostimulation (n=28/46 neurons, bottom). ( E , top) Most electrophysiological types were represented among neurons responsive to CLA input (n is the number of neurons recorded in each group, total n=32 responsive/46 neurons). No significant difference in response probability was found between excitatory and inhibitory cell types (p=0.29, Fisher exact test), while a significant difference in responsivity was found between CTB + and CTB- neurons (p=0.009, Fisher Exact Test) (bottom). ( F ) Schematic of injection and patching strategy in the CLA. ( G ) Confocal image of CTB and ChrimsonR-tdTomato expression in the CLA from separate injections into PL and RSP. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( H ) Quantification of responses from experiments in ( F ). CLA neurons that were labeled with CTB from PL were more likely to respond to CLA RSP input than those that weren’t, but not by a significant margin ( I , p=0.19, Fisher Exact Test). ( J ) Model of the circuit investigated, showing that CLA RSP neurons are more likely to form active synapses with non-CLA RSP neurons.

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Labeling, Virus

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Overlay of image masks (dorsal, core, ventral) used in subsequent analysis. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( B–I , top) Average heat maps and histograms of fluorescence normalized to maximum signal along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes for each injected cortical region (n=3 mice per cortical area; dashed line is the average contour of CLA RSP neurons from all experiments). ( B–I , middle) Comparison of fluorescence in each mask region for each cortical area. ( B–I , bottom) Response probabilities of CLA neurons to input from cortical axons after a brief (4ms) photostimulation of presynaptic terminals, split by soma location relative to CLA RSP during patching. ( J ) On the basis that a cortical area primarily displayed fluorescence in one masked CLA region, ‘core’ and ‘shell’ labels were applied to areas that projected to the core and dorsal/ventral CLA, respectively. Heat maps from within-label areas were then averaged and subtracted from heat maps from the other label. Displayed here is an index of similarity of pixels in the CLA to the ‘core’ or ‘shell’.

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Injection, Comparison

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of injection and patching strategy in the CLA. ( B ) Confocal images of AAV-Chrimson-tdTomato and AAV-Chronos-GFP expression in cortical axons in the CLA. Scale bars = 500 μm, 100 μm. ( C ) Example traces of different response outcomes for CLA neurons after sequential cortical axon photostimulation. From top to bottom: integrating responses indicated that a neuron was responsive to both input cortices, Chrimson-responsive indicated a neuron responsive to only one cortex while Chronos-responsive indicated a neuron responsive to the other cortex. Finally, no response indicated no detectable synaptic connection. ( D ) Dual-color optogenetics response and CTB proportions for cortices examined in using the strategy in ( C ). ( E ) Expected vs. measured response probabilities for neurons in each dual-color optogenetics combination. All cortical combinations displayed a slightly higher response probability than expected by chance. ( F ) River plot displaying the proportion of neurons projected to by each cortical area, categorized by cell type. ( G ) Proportion of integrating cells within each electrophysiological cell type.

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Optogenetics

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematics of control experiments of single-opsin injections into PL (n=6 mice total, three each of Chrimson and Chronos injections). ( B ) Example traces of CLA neuron responses to cortical axon stimulation ( C ) Magnitude pre/post-stim comparisons of CLA EPSPs during sequential stimulation. Cross-talk in Chrimson-only experiments was effectively eliminated by extended exposure to 500ms of 595 nm light. Responses to blue light photostimulation in Chronos-only experiments did not show cross-talk. ( D ) Magnitude responses to 470 nm and 595 nm light for all recorded cells (n=259). Integrators displayed responses to both wavelengths (595: p=6.1e-9, 470: p=1.7e-10, Mann Whitney U test). ( E ) Latency of ESPS in integrating postsynaptic neurons was within the typical monosynaptic range. Onset of Chronos EPSPs was typically faster than Chrimson.

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A , top) Schematic of injection and patching strategy for assessing cortex responses to photostimulation of CLA axons. ( B , left) Representative images of opsin expression in CLA cell bodies. Scale bars = 1 mm (top), 200 μm (bottom). ( B , right) Opsin expression in CLA axons innervating ACA (top) and RSP (bottom). Scale bars = 200 μm. ( C ) Normalized CLA axonal fluorescence in ACA and RSP. ( D ) Example image of biocytin-filled neurons in ACA. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( E ) Example average traces of IPSC (0 mV, blue trace) and EPSC (–70 mV, red trace) responses from a single neuron in both the ACA and RSP, aligned to light onset. ( F ) Pharmacological investigations of EPSC and IPSC responses to photo stimulation in normal ACSF (top) and during bath application of TTX and 4AP (middle) or TTX, 4AP, DNQX, and APV (bottom; n=9 cells, 3 mice). ( G ) Quantification of normalized PSC magnitude and latency in pharmacological experiments. ( H ) Same as in ( G ) with neurons recorded solely in ACSF (n=92 cells, 10 mice). ( I ) Expanded visualizations of currents in E demonstrating the differences in EPSC and IPSC latency in both ACA and RSP. ( J ) Quantification of EPSC and IPSC latency in ACA and RSP (ACA p=0.0003, RSP p=0.057, Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test). ( K ) PSC probability in cortical neurons sorted by the layer in which neurons were patched.

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Fluorescence

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Single neurons and networks in the mouse claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources

doi: 10.7554/eLife.98002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of retrograde injection and patching strategy for assessing silencing of CLA RSP terminals in cortex. ( B ) Example average voltage clamp electrophysiology from RSP neurons in mice injected with PBS and AAV-ChrimsonR-tdTomato (top, n=33 cells) or AAV-FLEX-TetTox and ChrimsonR (bottom, n=16 cells, 2 mice), aligned to light onset. ( C , left) Quantification of normalized PSC magnitude in RSP neurons in Tet+ (red) and PBS (gray) conditions. (Right) Percent of neurons in each injection condition showing EPSCs in response to CLA RSP axon photostimulation. ( D ) Experimental pipeline for behavioral experiments, beginning with injection and finishing with histological verification. Plots shaded blue correspond to the reversal learning task, while plots shaded orange correspond to the multimodal conditioning task. ( E ) Average probability of poking the high reward probability port in the trials before and after the transition to a new block (trial 0). Dashed lines indicate chance performance and block transition (two-way repeated measures ANOVA, effect of group F(1,25) = 0.413, p=0.526). ( F ) Loading of logistic regression predictors based on data from the final five sessions (Welch’s t-test for previous choice p=0.482, previous outcome p=0.539, and interaction p=0.581). In the multimodal conditioning task, two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the latency from stimulus onset until the first poke, regardless of which port was poked, on hit ( G ; F(1,26) = 6.252, p=0.019) and miss ( H ; F(1,26) = 3.527, p=0.072) trials. ( I ) Percentage of trials classified as hits for each trial type (two-way repeated measures ANOVA, effect of group F(1,26) = 0.056, p=0.814). Dashed line indicates chance performance of 33%. ( J ) d' values calculated separately for each stimulus type. Multimodal conditioning plots include data from experienced mice only (training sessions after day 3). Data from sham mice (n=12) are plotted in black, and TetTox mice (n=16) are plotted in red. Error bars show the standard error of the mean. Symbols indicate an effect of treatment where p≤0.1 (#), p≤0.05 (*), or p≤0.001 (***).

Article Snippet: The optical system used for in vitro visualization and photostimulation combined blue (Thorlabs M470L4), orange (Thorlabs M595L3), and far-red (Thorlabs M625L3) LED paths.

Techniques: Injection, Blocking Assay